Monday, September 30, 2019

Writing Compartive Essays

Writing Comparative Essays †¢ encouraging you to make connections between texts or ideas †¢ engage in critical thinking & go beyond mere description or summary to generate interesting analysis: – when you reflect on similarities & differences you gain a deeper understanding of the items you are comparing, their relationship to each other & what is most important about them. Although the assignment may say â€Å"compare,† the assumption is that you will consider both the similarities and differences; in other words, you will compare and contrast.Establishing a Basis of Comparison†¦ †¢ Objects must share some significant characteristics†¦.. (same class or general category) †¢ no basis of comparison if there is no common element †¢ If the similarities & differences between the objects are all simply obvious the reader of the essay is certain to be bored†¦. So the basis of comparison should go beyond the obvious†¦ When 2 subjects are very similar, it is the contrast that may be worth developing more When 2 subjects are not very much alike, you may find their similarities enlightening. Bees and People = absurd †¦. iffer in species, physical structure, intelligence both are: – social animals that live in complex social structures, – have tasks to perform & roles to fulfill in their respective societies = so we could write but focus on the common elements that seem most provocative = social structures & roles Bees and Jeeps Human Beings and Golf Tees = NO few points of comparison = very trivial ones bees & jeeps = travel great distances = dumb similarity people & tees = needed to play golf = dumb similarity = no significant basis of comparison = NO C&C essay YOU CANNOT WRITE A C&C ESSAY IF THERE ARE NO SIMILARITIES †¦. verything on the planet has differences so the aim here is to find similarities and then develop differences†¦. Points of Comparison (& contrast) †¢ treat the s ame, or at least similar, elements for each subject: Novel A Major characters Minor characters Themes Novel B Major characters Minor characters Themes NOT Novel A Major characters Minor characters Themes Novel B Minor characters Language Plot Deciding Your Purpose†¦. C&C solar & wind energy ask yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Why do I want to C&C these objects. Do you want to inform, to emphasize, to explain, to evaluate, to persuade that one side is better than the other?Do you have more than one purpose? Your purpose will influence the content & organization of your comparison & contrast essay Comparative Essays may be: persuasive or informative (your thesis statement signals this purpose) Your assignment for this class = Informative C&C essay C&C solar & wind energy TO INFORM TO PERSUADE Provide information about both in order to determine whether one is better than the other as a practical means of producing significant amounts of energy†¦. Proving that one technology is superi or to the otherProvide information about both in order to determine that both are a practical means of producing significant amounts of energy†¦. Formulating a Thesis Statement†¦ †¢ identify the subjects to be C & C †¢ Indicate comparison as well as contrast †¢ indicate whether you will concentrate on similarities or differences or whether you will balance the two †¢ list the main points of comparison or contrast in the order in which they will be discussed in the essay (essay map) Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audiences. o essay map = ? TS = for an informative C&C = no stance = no taking a side underlined part = signals contrast italicized part = signals comparison focus / emphasis is on — comparison = as it is stated at the end of the thesis Although Melville’s ‘Moby Dick’ & London’s ‘The Sea Wolf’ are both about t he sea, minor characters, major characters, and themes of Moby Dick establish its greater complexity. TS = for an argumentative C&C essay = stance underlined part = signals comparison italicized part = signals contrast = focus of the essayCompare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different. While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions. While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.While Callaghan’s â€Å"All the Years of Her Life† and Mistry’s â€Å"Of White Hairs and Cricket† both follow the conventions of the coming-of-age narrative, Callaghan’s story ad heres more closely to these conventions by allowing its central protagonist to mature. In Mistry’s story, by contrast, no real growth occurs. †¢ ThS = differences outweigh similarities – essay focus = differences Although Darwin and Lamarck came to different conclusions about whether acquired traits can be inherited, they shared the key distinction of recognizing that species evolve over time. ThS = similarities outweigh differences – essay focus = similarities †¢ No essay map = ? †¢ The focus of the essay = later half of the ThS †¢ Provide a detailed essay map in the later half of your thesis statement NOT in the first half †¢ Thesis for an informative C&C = no stance †¢ Thesis for an argumentative C&C = stance You need to focus the topics given to you – this focus should be evident in your Introduction and then later developed in your Thesis Statement.C & C solar & wind energy = TS = no essay map for both but notice that on e takes a side and the other does not. TO INFORM Solar energy & wind energy both, are practical alternatives to conventional energy sources, though they have their own unique characteristics & uses. TO PERSUADE While both solar and wind energy are practical technologies, solar energy now seems the better investment. Whether your paper focuses primarily on difference or similarity, you need to make the relationship between A and B clear in your thesis.Structuring the Essay†¦. Subject-by-Subject = purpose is to emphasize overall similarities or difference †¢ Say everything you have to say about the first subject, then move on & make all the points you want to make about the second subject and so on. †¢ In discussing each subject, you use the same basis of comparison & arrange these points in the same logical order. Appropriate for: short, uncomplicated papers. .. simple comparison†¦. points of comparison are general & few in number. †¢ Seems like 2 separate es says are weakly connectedPoint-by-Point = purpose is to emphasize individual points of similarity or difference. †¢ make a point about one subject & then follow it with a comparable point about the other Appropriate for: longer more complicated essays in which you discuss many different points. readers can easily follow your points. Nevertheless†¦.. it is easy to fall into a monotonous, back-and-forth movement between points †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. use clear transitions & vary sentence structure as you move from point to point. †¢ Each similarity for A & B can usually be handled in one paragraph in the body of the essay. Each difference for A & B may not be handled in one paragraph – try to split each point of contrast into 2 paragraphs even when using the point-by-point format†¦ (do remember to link the two paragraphs with a transitional sentence) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. remember the stress is NOT on the number of points that u mention BUT on the DEPTH OF DEVELOPMENT Analogy†¦. When a subject is unobservable, complex or abstract – when it is so generally unfamiliar that readers may have trouble understanding it – analogy can be most effective. An analogy: – Looks for similarities & differences between 2 essentially dissimilar things. Compares the difficult/abstract/unfamiliar to the more familiar Think of the human genome as the ingredients list for a massive Thanksgiving dinner. Scientists long have had a general understanding of how the feast is cooked. They knew where the ovens were. Now, they also have a list of every ingredient. Yet much remains to be discovered. In most cases, no one knows exactly which ingredients are necessary for making, for example, the pumpkin pie as opposed to the cornbread. Indeed, many, if not most, of the recipes that use the genomic ingredients are missing, and there’s little nderstanding that why small variations in the quality of the ingredients can â⠂¬Å"cook up† diseases in one person but not in another. (another e. g. on pg 166) True Comparison Analogy analyzes items that belong to the same class – types of engines. Purpose = seeks to illuminate specific features of both subjects e. g. pairs things from different classes – with nothing in common except through the imagination of the writer Purpose = to clarify the one subject that is complex or unfamiliar craft of fiction writing —- craft of carpentry †¦ analogy helps the reader visualize an abstract or unobservable thing

Sunday, September 29, 2019

The Biggest Migration in Global History

In 1886, the Statue of â€Å"Liberty Enlightening the World,† a gift from the people of France, was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland. Set at the entrance of New York, the statue was just in time to greet the biggest migration in global history. Between the years of 1860-1910, more than twenty-two million immigrants had entered the country . This influx of immigration became known as the New Immigration. Industrialization had taken over agriculture and American industries were experiencing one of their greatest booms, thus a greater demand for workers . Immigrants from all over Europe came in hopes of securing for themselves money to return home with, or in some cases, a permanent position in a country of abundant opportunity. Although this increase in immigration eventually led to restrictive immigration laws, ultimately, this group of â€Å"New Immigrants† not only provided a much-needed economic service, but also added to the diversity of our â€Å"melting-pot† country. The promise of immediate employment and political and economic freedom were more than enough reasons to entice immigrants to come to the United States; in 1864, some 194,000 immigrants landed in America . Until 1897, ninety percent of all overseas immigrants arrived mostly from northern and western Europe, primarily from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia . Most of these new immigrants came from lands with democratic traditions and education systems and were welcomed by the native-born Americans because they possessed much needed industrial skills. The new immigrants, primarily the Scandinavians, used the Homestead Act to receive land in the Midwest and start small farms . They had families and skills to offer and were not a migrant group; they planned to stay and make it in America. However, by 1905, partially encouraged by the new technology of steamships and cheaper ocean passage rates, the number of immigrants had risen to 1,285,000 people annually . More than a million immigrants arrived in each of the years 1905, 1907, and 1910, some fleeing the â€Å"pogroms† (organized massacres) taking place in Eastern Europe, and others seeking a life that they could never have within the borders of their poverty-stricken countries . These later immigrants, arriving from southern and eastern Europe, were Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Slovaks and Russian, as well as Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, and Rumanians. Approximately ten percent of them were Jews fleeing from the repressive policies of Czarist Russia under Alexander III, although Roman and Orthodox Catholics were among the arrivals . The masses of immigrants were overwhelming. By 1887, it became obvious that Castle Garden (immigrant receiving station) was too small to process the large numbers of immigrants pouring into the country . Castle Garden had because so small, that criminals were simply hanging out at the receiving station to rob the immigrants inside, instead of waiting for them to get on the streets. Thus, the government built Ellis Island and immigrants continued pouring in. The number of immigrants was so great that by 1910 immigrants and their families composed over half the total population of 18 major cities . In Chicago, eight out of ten residents were immigrants or children of immigrants . The response to these newcomers was unfriendly and inhospitable. The Americans who saw their job security challenged by immigrants that were willing to work longer hours for lower wages did not welcome them. The newcomers did not have the same culture as the first immigrants that had come from Northern and Western Europe. Most lacked skills and very few spoke English, some could not read or write in any language. The Slavic and Polish (excluding Jewish) immigrant groups were viewed as unskilled, illiterate, and transient and were seen as a bigger threat to American institutions than the other European ethnic groups. They were not ambitious people, tended to keep to themselves, and were opposed to the American idea of materialism. Many of the Slavs and Poles distrusted American public schools; they withdrew their children from school and encouraged them to seek training in a trade, thus allowing a high rate of dropouts. Likewise, Italians were discriminated against because they also provided cheap labor and, naturally of a clannish nature, tended to move and settle as a group in Italian communities where they only worked with fellow countrymen and did not learn the ways of urban life. Americans thought that Italians did not assimilate into the American culture well since they held on their old-country traditions and cultures so strongly. Assimilation was important to the Americans because they were fearful of the change that came with other cultures, not to mention their resentment towards the new languages already replacing English in several parts of the cities. The Italians also brought the Mafia, which although in Italy enforced justice, came under the control of criminals in the US, and became known for racketeering, blackmail, and extortion. The immigrants were blamed for creating disorder and violence in the cities, and in general, were thought to be â€Å"birds of passage† who would use the American economy to make their fortunes, then return to their native land taking American dollars. The ever-growing influx of immigrants disturbed many native-born Americans who were annoyed by the newcomers† appearance and way of life. They expected these people, no matter what their place of origin, to conform to Anglo-Saxon patterns of behavior and to cherish the institutions of America. These anti-immigrant, nativist, sentiments, and the hatred and prejudice toward these immigrants led to the passing of immigration laws that greatly restricted the flow of immigration . The first restrictive law prevented immigration of lunatics, criminals, polygamists, people with diseases, and those likely to be public charges. In August of 1882, the first federal immigration law was adopted. This law put a head tax on all immigrant passengers. In February of 1885, a law prohibiting the importation of contract labor, called the Foran Act, was enacted. In 1906, leaders of the Boston Immigration Restriction League used the arguments of racial superiority to limit immigration. Finally, in 1924, the Fundamentalists succeeded in passing the National Origins act, which allowed the US to restrict the number of immigrants to 164,000 a year, and also favor immigrants from Western Europe over those from Eastern Europe . Many American believed that these immigration restrictions were necessary to keep the American institution cities from deteriorating. The population living in cities of over 30,000 increased from ten percent of the total in 1860 to more than twenty-five percent of the total US population by 1900 . The pressure of the tremendous inflow of immigrants quickly outstripped the ability of the nation†s established institutions to cope with them. Already poor in the Old Country, for the most part, they arrived in America penniless and made their homes in the growing tenements of America†s major cities. The severe strain on the housing situation coupled with discriminatory practices eventually led to the creation of ghettos. Women and children were often sent to work to contribute to the survival of the family, old-world views that eventually led to wholesale exploitation of child labor. Poverty on a never-before-seen scale became the norm in America†s urban centers. Perplexed, poor, and lacking knowledge of the American lifestyle, these immigrants were used as a low-paid labor force for dirty jobs that nobody else wanted and felt the harshness of Industrialism the most. They did not know their bosses, class animosity often divided management and labor, and their interests and wants were of little concern to the corporations. Because these people did not have the proper education, many of them remained unskilled or semi-unskilled throughout their lives. Although many could not attain the work skills they needed, they gained many other things. By the early 1900†³s, ninety percent of those who could not speak English learned to do so in less than ten years after they arrived, and only a third was still illiterate . Despite their many hardships, the new immigrants were determined to make it in the New World. For example, the Slavs† ability to take the worst jobs and stick with them enabled them to become one of the top two ethnic groups representing employees of America†s leading industries . It was the clashing of old-world views with those of new-world ideas that forced compromises that helped to advance social and political thoughts. The cities would not have grown without people to provide cheap labor in the factories, and it was the willingness to provide a cheap source of labor and to work the most difficult and menial jobs that helped enable the United Stated to make the economic gains that she made.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Part 1 of the document Gaudium et Spes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part 1 of the document Gaudium et Spes - Essay Example He perceives it to be Vatican II’s declaration of the Church’s readiness to conduct a meaningful dialogue with the world. Marbacher holds that the biblical and philosophical foundation for this dialogue is the relationship between man and God and the relationship between men. He then describes Gaudiun et Spes’ proposals regarding the nature of this dialogue and its consequence to the Church. Marbacher points out that Gaudiun et Spes is the concrete expression of the desire of Vatican Council II to â€Å"explain to everyone how it conceives the presence and activity of the Church in the world of today† (Marbacher, 1). The pastoral constitution emphasizes that â€Å"honest dialogue† in inextricably linked with the Church’s mission to spread the gospel throughout the entire world. Marbacher indicates that the foundation for the recommended dialogue between the Church and the world is based on three factors: (1) The dialogue between God and men which is amply documented in the Bible (2) The dialogue between men which goes back to the dialogues of Socrates. (3) The dialogue between the Church and men: this is perceived by the Church to be the â€Å"eloquent proof of its solidarity with, as well as its respect and love for the entire human family† (Marbacher, 3). Gaudium et Spes recognizes that dialogue is basis of human existence , the path to a â€Å"deeper level of interpersonal relationships† (Marbacher, 2) and the essential instrument in tackling problems of culture, labor relations and world trade The purpose of the dialogue is to express the Church’s solidarity with all men, including non-believers. It is a mark of respect â€Å"to those who think or act differently than we do in social, political and even religious matters† (M arbacher, 3). It is Vatican Council II’s practical acknowledgement of the liberty of conscience and diversity. Marcbacher attempts to reconcile the Church’s position on dialogue with

Friday, September 27, 2019

Titanic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Titanic - Research Paper Example Broadcast TV shows such as Big Brother, The Simpsons, The View and Family Guy have gained increased popularity over time resulting to unconstructive impacts on the social, political, educational and religious scenes. This essay discusses the negative impacts of Broadcast TV shows by exploring the key areas it touches on. Stereotypes and Prejudices. Broadcast TV shows have been observed to contribute highly in the perpetuation of prejudice and negative stereotypes in the American society (Shaffer 413). Although such shows use this as a form of humor, it has a huge impact on the way society views certain groups of people. Nearly every broadcast TV shows portrays Black males as drug dealers, thugs or criminals. This impacts negatively on the way society view Black males. On the other hand, Muslims are depicted as terrorists which was facilitated by the 9/11 attack. Society is influenced to view them as bad people who are a threat to security. These two examples show how Broadcast TV sho ws promote stereotypes and prejudices in society resulting to tension between racial groups in society. Social Effects. The first social problem arising from watching Broadcast TV shows is lack of originality among the population. People are likely to imitate the TV stars mode of speaking, dressing and personal style which is a common problem among teenagers. Teenagers should strive to seek their own identity and discover their own talents with the help of their parents. This also leads to increased peer pressure as teenagers will strive to dress and act like their friends. Secondly watching TV Broadcast shows leads to the development of anti- social behavior (Clarke 413). This is because individuals tend to spend too much time watching TV and have no time for family, friends or fun activities. Such people tend to be withdrawn and cannot communicate effectively with other members of society. These shows lead to the propagation of negative behavior including violence, crime, premarit al sex and drug abuse. The content aired by these shows has violent scenes that affect the audiences’ thought in a negative way (Gentile 70). Watching these shows has be a major contributing factor to the rising levels of violence mainly among the young people (Gentile 70). Some scenes have been known to encourage drug and alcohol abuse since they illustrate it to be ‘cool’ and highly appealing to the audience. Some of these shows contain sexual scenes that lead to the high occurrence of teenage sex and pregnancies. This is because such shows depict this behavior to be fun and acceptable. Generally speaking, Broadcast television shows provide the wrong idea about certain practices and make them believe that they are totally fine. Watching these shows is highly addictive hence people do it for many hours in a day. Recent studies have revealed that there is a relationship between the length of time that is spent on watching TV and obesity. Watching TV for long hour ’s leads to a sedentary lifestyle since it is an inactive activity that requires minimal physical and mental activity. People are advised to undertake in physical and mental tasks that stimulate their brain and body to ensure mental and physical fitness. These shows contribute to emotional and physical problems linked to self esteem and weight loss (Shaffer 413). TV stars are represented as having perfect body shapes and flawless skin. Women and young people in society are affected by these images and tend to feel

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and Essay

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and security of the Region - Essay Example Iran’s nuclear program began in the 1950s when the United States assisted the Shah to build 20 nuclear power reactors as part of the state’s modernization efforts. In addition to this, research and development efforts were conducted during the Shah’s tenure on fissile material production. But, in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, all nuclear activity was halted. Research and further nuclear development activity resumed in recent years. The Iran-Iraq War was responsible for the re-emergence of an intensified effort to develop nuclear capability. Instead of the benign objectives of the Shah previously, the purpose of the current Iranian nuclear program is in line with the military and defence aims of the state. And, after the Iraqi threat, the nuclear weapons development would later came to be publicly aimed at Israel and the United States. A more sober and conservative analysis of the Iranian objective was laid down by Charles Mayer (2004): As a small status quo state, Iran has no overt military ambitions beyond its borders. Its grand strategy is to foster a Gulf leadership role while providing a credible deterrent to any future attack.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Global Strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Strategy - Coursework Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.22 Executive summary This research analysis is aimed at significantly breaking down the micro and macro-operating environment of Tesco organization, one of the biggest foodstuff and grocery traders in the globe, running about 4, 331 warehouses. Strategic assessment tools like PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces model, SWOT, and Value Chain analysis have been applied through scholars to attain this purpose. Then a conclusion is finally provided. Introduction Tesco is considered to be one of the biggest food traders in the sphere in surplus of ?54 billion during 2009 and recruiting above four hundred and seventy thousand individuals. They run an estimated four thousand, three hundred and thirty one stores in fourteen nations across the globe. The organization runs mainly in the United States of America, Europe, and Asia; and their Head Office is located in Hertfordshire, UK. The commercial system portfolio of Tesco constitutes: more than 960 Express warehouses that vend an estimated 7,000 commodities as well as fresh foodstuffs at appropriate places. Moreover, 170 Metro warehouses that trade in different food commodities in cities and town centres; and 450 super warehouses that trade in both foodstuffs and non-foodstuff commodities together with manuscripts and DVDs. Tesco as well offers online trading services by their website tesco.com and Tesco Direct. Furthermore, they offer broadband I internet linkages and monetary services by Tesco Personal Finance (TPF). The company was established in 1919 in the UK and has steadily evolved greatly since then. The food and beverage trade department represents the biggest firm in th e United Kingdom, offering jobs for above three million individuals in primary manufacturing, production, and trading. During 2003, trade reported 9% of Gross Domestic Product. The analysis below offers an insight into the supermarket organization, Tesco, with stress on its exterior environment breakdown and organization’s breakdown of resources, proficiency, and traditions. Strategic assessment tools like PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces model, SWOT, and Value Chain analysis have been applied through scholars for attaining this purpose. During the past decades, United Kingdom supermarkets have been subjected under high scrutiny due to their reaction to vendors, specifically of personal-label goods, although the growth of strategic distribution networks has remained an important section of majority of supermarket plans for the recent years. Corporate Strategy The vision of the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Leadership, Effective Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership, Effective Leaders - Essay Example It is importnt tht competing demnds nd pproches not prlyze mngers but insted provide cumultive nd integrtive improvements to ledership effectiveness. In view of bove, current pper provides impiricl pproch towrd the concpet of ledership. Bsing on the book of Chrles Mnz nd Henry Sims, The New SuperLedership, where the principl of self-ledership is peoneered, present discussion covers theorieticl review nd prcticl impliction of types of ledership. It is the im of this pper to present new content nd exmples designed to help leders develop the kind of utonomous, quick-recting workforce necessry to thrive in these turbulent times. I first introduce the theory of ledership styles. Through the discussion of two types of ledrship, I grdully comme to the discussion of effective ledership techniques nd end up with personl model of ledership. Using the exmples of two leders this pper is gret reflection of efficient nd inefficient pproch to ledership. Drwing on contemporry exmples nd profiles, mny from the high-tech nd informtion sectors, Mnz nd Sims shtter the myth of the trditionl, ggrndized versions of "heroic" ledership. They show tht leder truly becomes successful by turning followers into extrordinry self-leders-pillrs of strength tht will support the orgniztion t every level. They detil series of ction-oriented steps through which the SuperLeder provides n opportunity for followers to express nd develop their own ledership skills-nd in the process become highly motivted, dynmic contributors. The typology of ledershi introduced by uthors describes four brod ledership rchetypes: strongmn, trnsctor, visionry hero, nd SuperLeder. The strongmn relies on uthority nd coercion to mke subordintes perform the tsks. Coercion, s mens of influencing the behvior of others, depends upon the expecttion of specified positive or negtive consequences. Coercive power requires tht the expecttion of consequences be reproduced consistently. The continued ppliction of these consequences is usully enough to ensure tht others' behvior will continue to be influenced. Coercion is esy to estblish but costly to mintin since the expecttions of others must be met if their behvior is going to be influenced beyond the previous instnce. uthority is the opposite: it is difficult to estblish but once in plce it is highly effective mens of influencing behvior since specific consequences, nd the inculction of the expecttion of them, re not required. While often considered relic of pst mngeril prctice, mny contemporry leders still employ this uthoritrin style. The trnsctor uses rewrds nd snctions to motivte employees. Positive reinforcement not only shpes behvior but lso teches nd in the process enhnces personl self-imge s Chrles Mnz nd Henry Sims note, the wy the reinforcement is crried out is more importnt thn the mount. First, it ought to be specific, incorporting s much informtion content s possible. Second, the reinforcement should hve immedicy. Third, the system of feedbck mechnisms should tke ccount of chievbility. Compnies should rewrd smll wins. Good news swpping is common in the excellent compnies. The fourth chrcteristic is tht fir mount of the feedbck comes in the form of intngible but meningful ttention from top mngement. The third type, visionry hero, uses inspirtion nd vision to motivte employees. SuperLeders ccomplish this by encourging individuls to set their own gols, monitor

Monday, September 23, 2019

Suppose you were selected for special position Essay

Suppose you were selected for special position - Essay Example This take however may be challenged, especially when a not sought for assignment is offered, and there are no chances of refusal. If I get myself in such a fix, then it would be required that I apply my course and every single thing I have learnt in the process in dealing with the issue at hand. For me, my course and especially physics would play a central role. Ethics Moral responsibility plays a central role in any given assignment. Regardless of the specific field of training, this is a fundamental component of one self, not only in the field of employment, but also in any given context of human interactions. The various education fields have different ethics applicable to them (Perl 213). This encompasses physics among all other identifiable fields of study. In this regard, taking into account the codes of ethics applicable to me, given the course I have taken, I am morally responsible to take on assignments offered to me. This does not only imply personal benefit, but also the w elfare of the entire society; the entire company included. Training The education system in place takes care of individual interests, not only in academic terms, but also in every identifiable aspect of life. Training that makes me handle not sought for assignments encompass class work, related practical work as well as outside-class exposure. This is an input factor that has been realized along the line of study, such that it becomes integral to whatever goals and objectives pursued during and after successful completion of studies. Personal diversity and dynamism Personal growth and development is neither rigid nor fixed to specific grounds of capability. Physics is a unique subject that captures changes in a very specific way (Perl 288). Most of the worldwide development, innovativeness and inventions borrow heavily from physics and related subjects. The diversity and dynamism characteristic of this subject and the course in general should be manifested through the learners. Succ essful completion of this course implied that all requirements prior to this course have been met. In this regard, applying the concepts, theories and models presented in the course should not amount to any difficulty. The important thing to note is that the specific theories and concepts presented in the course are not likely to be the same as those that will be encountered in the actual line of work. Experiencing a different scenario from that I am already used to is a challenge. However, I take challenge as a factor of determination, where personal diversity and dynamism is based upon. This means that even if I land on a not sought for assignment, there are no regrets nor are there doubts that I can actually handle it. Being open and broad minded is the crucial factor that determines personal diversity and change over time. Fixing my career to the specifics of the course does not imply learning for me. This course has taught me that knowledge is a procedural attainment through wh ich a known phenomenon leads to an unknown, and that unknown, another phenomenon of knowing is created. In this regard, the new technology meant to produce electricity may not be known to any employees of the company, but it is known to some other party not present in the company. This brings in the fundamental point to consider. That is, there exists information about this technology and how it works to achieve the desired purpose. As a Lead

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Critically discuss issues with determining recommendations for vitamin Essay

Critically discuss issues with determining recommendations for vitamin D intake - Essay Example The proceeding process is their hydroxylation to form 25-hydroxyvitamin. The total of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 together with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in serum is used as an indicator of vitamin D nutritional status. Studies indicate that this level increases following exposure to sunlight, or dietary intake of vitamin D (Rajakumar et al., 2014). 25-hydroxyvitamin D is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidney, a reaction catalyzed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase. Regulation of this reaction is by serum phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production has also been demonstrated in the skin, parathyroid gland, breast, colon, prostate, and immune system and bone cells. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D then binds to a receptor of vitamin D in the nucleus of a cell and recruits retinoic acid X receptor. This VDR/RXR complex binds small sequences of DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs) (Battault et al., 2013). It then initiates a cascade of molecular interactions that modulate the transcription of specific genes. Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis that are necessary for the maintenance of bone mineralization (Vieth, 2012). In the endocrine system Vitamin D regulates insulin secretion. Investigation shows that it is a potent immune system modulator. It also exhibits effects in the cardiovascular system regulating blood pressure. Severe vitamin D deficiency results in a condition known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults since it is important for development and maintenance of the bone structure (Persson et al., 2013). Osteoporosis has been linked to secondary hyperthyroidism caused by vitamin D deficiency. Increased PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands result in increased bone resorption increasing the bone breakdown and precipitate osteoporosis. Cancer,

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Policy and Example Strategic Planning Essay Example for Free

Policy and Example Strategic Planning Essay Identify and describe what it is about strategic plans that make them difficult to implement. Support your argument with an example Strategic planning: matching organizational objectives and capabilities to the anticipated demands of the environment to produce a plan of action that will ensure achievement of objectives.( Denhardt Denhardt, 2010) What make strategic plans difficult is trying to plan make a decision that effects multiple people with different beliefs or issues. An example would be immigration reform the us is trying to reform the immigration rules and make a set of laws that effect multiple immigrants but not all immigrants have the same issues or back ground. Some immigrants or here do to no fault of their own, some are here on expired visas and others are just here straight out illegally. It hard to make law or a plan for those that are in this country due to no fault of their own. As the author notes, the effective communication of a policy analysis to policymakers is frequently difficult. Explain the sources of this difficulty, and describe at least three ways you might attempt to overcome it. Policy analysis: is the process of researching or analyzing public problems to provide policy makers with specific information about the range of available policy options and advantages and disadvantages of different approaches ( Denhardt Denhardt, 2010). The author pointed out in Denhardt Denhardt on page 203 is that the problem is only vaguely understood at the outset, and part of the analyst job to develop background statement or issue a paper that outlines the paper. On method of solving the problem would be to start a focus group or have a town hall meeting to discuss the issues or problems others have faced when it come to the issue you are researching. Two would be to conduct substantial research from various sources such as journals, books, news papers and so fourth, and third talk to people that or at the same agency level are you that could be helpful.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Walmart: Internal and External Analysis

Walmart: Internal and External Analysis Founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is one of the pioneers of discount retailing, along with Kmart and Target. Wal-Mart in US has been solely responsible for selling 35 per cent of all pet food, 24 per cent of all toothpaste, the largest volume of jewellery, groceries, DVDs, CDs, toys, guns, diapers, sporting goods, bedding and much, much more (Ramaswamy, 2004 cited in Hanson, 2008, p. 580-581). The companys success has resulted in many constantly observing it for new wisdom on management and strategy. But the recent years proved to be challenging for Wal-Mart as analysts are doubtful of the companys ability to maintain the pace of growth that it has shown in the previous years. Wal-Mart has to face competition from big players like Carrefour, Metro and Tesco as well as new entrants such as Dollar General. Besides that, Wal-Mart has taken advantage of its massive base of power to force suppliers to do more for less. Employees are also dissatisfied with the companys lack of employee welfare. External Environment Wal-Mart is one of the major players in the retailer industry. It has its own store brands in addition to selling the national brands in US. Being the main retailer in US, it has garnered enough power to negotiate the prices with the suppliers. Recently, it has an image issue due to the lawsuits it is facing, the loss of jobs indirectly linked to it as well as the declaration of bankruptcy or the shutting down of many retailers and manufacturer. Sociological Factors The giant retailer has been accused of paying its employees as low as US$8.23 which amounted being below the federal poverty line for a family of three. The company has also been sued for forcing its employees to work overtime for free. Another lawsuit against Wal-Mart is about the discrimination of women in top management. While about 90 per cent of Wal-Mart associates are women, only 15 per cent are in the top management positions. It is also suggested that Wal-Mart may be hiring illegal immigrants in violation of the law. Ethical Factors Wal-Mart is such a powerful company that its decisions will have a direct impact on all its suppliers and might even result in them filing for bankruptcy or shutting down, causing thousands to lose their jobs. In an ethical way, the retailer does not weigh the consequences or try to reduce the impact as long as the decision is beneficial to itself. Industry Environment Potential Threats of Substitutes Small -scale retailers such as Dollar General which catered to the low-income customers are proving to be among the companies that Wal-Mart needs to be wary of. While the target market seems to be the fastest growing segments of the population in US, the suppliers are also generally satisfied working with Dollar General, as compared to Wal-Mart and its suppliers. Intensity of Rivalry (International Market) Penetrating into the international market has been quite difficult for Wal-Mart because it is not as powerful and reputable as it is in US, unlike the major international players such as Carrefour, Metro and Tesco. There are more competitors that Wal-Mart has to face in the international market. Competitor Current Strategies Competitors like Carrefour are using their longer experience in the international market to their advantage. Carrefour has been accused of leaning on suppliers to choke Wal-Marts supply lines. Another strategy Carrefour employs is to demonstrate a new variation of the Everyday Low Price where its employees are found in Wal-Marts parking lots to distribute fliers, showing price comparisons with the prices at Wal-Mart at an almost real-time basis. Assumptions Major retail players like Carrefour and Tesco believe that they have the upper-hand in the international market as they are more experienced and understand the markets better. Besides that, they already have established reputations among the suppliers and will be more credible as a retailer as compared to Wal-Mart. Internal Environment Reputation with Customers By providing low prices for customers especially those living in the rural areas, many are grateful that they can save up. In addition, Wal-Mart has become so powerful that it is able to sell well-known brands at lower prices and thus proving the superior value it brings to its customers. Capabilities Wal-Mart is equipped with first-hand information about consumer preference data by having suppliers to attach remote frequency devices (RFID) technology in all their packaging to track individual items sold in the store. To improve efficiency of all business transactions with the suppliers, Wal-Marts suppliers also have to an electronic data interchange (EDI) called Retail Link that will track all business transactions with the giant retailer. Core Competency In the recent years, most of the sales of more than 30,000 suppliers are done through Wal-Mart and this puts the retailer in a very favourable position for negotiation of the prices of the products. With great foresight about the retail industry, the company is always ahead of the rest especially in terms of efficiency and delivering its promise to its customers. Stakeholders of Wal-Mart Suppliers The suppliers have become over- reliant on Wal-Mart and need the retailer more than the retailer needs them. Thus when Wal-Mart is determining the prices and thus drawing out significant price concessions from its suppliers, they are willing to comply and absorb any additional prices to make the giant retailer appease. Besides that, the suppliers also have to meet the terms set by Wal-Mart, such as the automated technology demands to have the Retail Link for their business dealings with Wal-Mart and the RFID technology in all their packaging. Suppliers are also expected to show up just when they are needed in the case of deliveries as they will be due for payment for any delivery that they miss or delay. Employees Employees have sued Wal-Mart for numerous reasons, showing their dissatisfactions with the company. Wal-Mart has been accused of making the employees work overtime without any allowance, paying low wages and involved in unfair labour practice against women in separate occasions. SWOT (S)trengths Has its own logistics as well as its own trucks and a private satellite A systematic and controlled management practice with the suppliers First-hand data about customer preference, more insight into the target market (W)eaknesses Wal-Marts image problem where the supplier are intimidated by it Ignores price increase- resulted in the suppliers shutting down, be forced into a merger/ transfer the production overseas Indirectly linked to thousands losing their jobs (O)pportunities Wal-Mart as a willing teacher, constantly educating the suppliers with new technique to tackle cost control and efficiency more would be ready to work with it (T)hreats Unreliable employees because of how they are treated by Wal-Mart Upstart chains like Dollar General contesting Wal-Marts position in the US retail market Review of Present Situation Though Wal-Mart is a powerful retailer in US and around the world, it does not maintain a positive image with its suppliers and the public. It may be looked upon in cases where people analyse its success but people may remember the negative aspects of the company better. Recommendations Create a positive image of Wal-Mart To avoid being blamed for all the jobs lost when a supplier could not live up to Wal-Marts expectations, the retailer should try to such situations whenever it can. For example, it could compromise with a supplier regarding the prices of the stocks when the prices increase. Other than that, it can donate to charitable organisations as a way of showing that the retailer also cares and gives back to the society. Wal-Mart could also create a fund to aid jobless people until they get another job. Gain employees loyalty References Ramaswamy, K. (2004). Wal-Mart Stores Inc.: Dominating Global Retailing. In D. Hanson, P. J. Dowling, M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland R. E. Hoskisson (Eds.) Strategic Management: Competitiveness Globalisation (pp. 577-590). Australia: Cengage Learning Australia. Tsao, A. (2003, September 26). Wal-Marts Stock: No Bargain Here. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2003/nf20030929_9676_db014.htm What Influenced Georgian Style and its Features? What Influenced Georgian Style and its Features? Introduction Georgian style is a style in the architecture, interior design, and decorative arts of Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term â€Å"Georgian† gets its name from four kings of England who reigned in Britain from 1714-1830. All of them were named George. (DesignIntuit, 2001) Although the George did not have an impact on the style, they perpetuated a movement that is different from the popular Italian and French Baroque style. â€Å"Georgian is a term usually associated in the popular mind with refined furniture, elegant clothes, buildings of deceptive simplicity, classical music, decorous prose, and country houses set in pleasing parks.† (Georgian Housestyle, Ingrid Cranfield). In essence, Georgian is not a style by itself, but an era during that many developments and changes happened in both architecture and interior design. (Worldguide, 2015) Early Georgian style: Influence of classicism Each architect or designer has his own ideas and individual approach. However, all of them had something common: they were heavily influenced by elements of ancient Rome and Greece. In other words, they were driven by the same motivated idea: to recreate the antique classical world. Classicism was considered as godlike: it reproduced the building blocks of God’s creation and the accords of nature. Furthermore, this (Georgian) period is defined as â€Å"an era of refined neoclassical trends†. (Worldguide, 2015) As it was mentioned earlier, the Georgian style was highly influenced by classicism. Young British aristocrats (including architects, designers and furniture makers) in the 17th and 18th centuries took the â€Å"Grand Tour† of European countries. These â€Å"Grand Tours† made the influential classes follow classical traditions of architecture and design. However, the Baroque used classical ornamentation and decor in a very open ended way. (David Ross, 2015) However, the British employed these motifs in an inflexible and calm way. (Worldguide, 2015) If Baroque is too much, Georgian classicism is a grace. Early Georgian style: Influence of Palladinism Besides classicism, there was another style that had a very strong impact on the Georgian style. It is a Palladinism, â€Å"a philosophy of design based on the writings and work of Andreas Palladio†. (David Ross, 2015) He is an Italian architect of the 16th century who recreated the design and proportions of the buildings of antique Rome. (Worldguide, 2015) Famous English architect Inigo Jones brought the Georgian style to Britain in the 17th century. (Worldguide, 2015) Palladinism was a significant factor in the early Georgian style. There was a proportion-based Palladian school of design that dominated British architecture from the mid-1720s to the early 1750s. It was rich and graceful, and there were Roman temple facades and pillars. In addition, a mathematical formulae was used for a building’s proportion. However, after 1750 (Dan Cruickshank, 2011) or from around 1760 (Worldguide, 2015), English architects James Stuart, Sir William Chambers and Scottish architect Robert Adam were exposed to a clearer style of classicism around Britain. They were inspired by the archaeological discoveries at Pompei and Herculanium. This new information about Greek and Roman architecture brought about a neoclassical revolution in taste. This emphasises on neoclassicism that became more widespread for design for the duration of the mid-Georgian period, which was until 1800 (Dan Cruickshank, 2011). Early Georgian style: Examples James Stuart One of the best examples of neoclassicism is James Stuart (1713-1788). He went on various â€Å"Grand Tours† of many European cities like other architects at that time. While he was studying in Greece, his work was inevitably influenced by clear Greek motifs. Due to these studies, he got the nickname â€Å"Athenian† Stuart. In addition, he published â€Å"Antiquities of Athens† in separate books from 1762. (Worldguide, 2015) On the picture below shows an example of his work: (St James’s Square, London) Sir William Chambers Sir William Chambers (1723-1796) is one of the architects representing the mid-Georgian period. He was born in Sweden to Scottish parents. His architectural practise was in London in the 1750s. Moreover, Sir William spent time in China, which gives an explanation why his neoclassicism was mixed with Chinese touches and elements. The name of the technique is known as chinoiserie, and it enjoyed modest popularity in Britain that time. He also showed Greek and Roman characteristics of French neoclassicism. (Worldguide, 2015) (Chinese Pagoda in Kew Gardens, London and Somerset House, London) Robert Adam One more example is Robert Adam (1728-1992). He was born in Fife, Scotland. He worked with his brother James on a style airier than the Palladian, using Egyptian and Gothic motifs with Roman decorations. His artworks were symmetrical but not as much as Palladian proportions. Furthermore, he was known to show motifs as â€Å"ribbons, wreaths, sphinx and griffins, ovals and hexagons etc†. This style was famous as the Adam style. (Worldguide, 2015) (Syon House, West London) Late Georgian style Late Georgian style is known as Regency and was popular during the reign of the British Prince Regent from 1811 to 1820. (The Editors of Britannica, 2015 and Worldguide, 2015) Actually, the Regency style recollected neoclassical elements, but it was opened more to Greek, Egyptian, Asian and French influences than it was before. This style is much heavier in ornamentation than earlier Georgian styles, and building facades were often covered with stucco plaster than noticeable brick. Moreover, interiors were more open and light, and windows became larger. In my personal opinion, the Regency style (Late Georgian style) is akin to a bridge between early Georgian design and approaching Victorian era. Henry Holland For instance, Henry Holland (1745-1806) was the most leading architect of the late Georgian period. (Worldguide, 2015) Holland’s designs was influenced by Roman, Greek and Egyptian forms and the Empire styles of late 18th century France as well. His style is simpler and more academic. (Sloane Street and Sloane Square, West London) Features of Georgian style Landscape There are many characteristics defining the Georgian period. One of the main features is terrace. The 18th century (David Ross, 2015) was a time of great success of urban developments. Houses had a public and private function. Unfortunately, it meant that there was a need to put a lot of houses into a small space. It lead to the creation of the terrace. The terrace allowed a whole street to have a sense of architectural completeness, also keeping small sizes of houses. Terraces used to take a few forms; typically laid out in straight lines or in quadrangles around a central garden area, or in curves or oval â€Å"circuses†. In addition, these developments gave birth of the townhouses practical housing built in lengthy, well-ordered terraces, which made boulevard look like neat architectural elements. (Worldguide, 2015) These townhouses were usually four levels in height and made of brick. However, during that period (18th century) the rich were increasingly wealthier and as a result, they began investing money into their households. Wealthy landlords used their huge land to create designed parks, and those parks were called â€Å"country houses†. (David Ross, 2015) These estates were full of reproductions of classical temples and additional architectural pieces: grottoes, bridges, and that group of fragments called â€Å"follies†. Basically, these parks carried on the classical philosophy. Architecture Furthermore, there are other common architectural elements, such as symmetrical form, classical entrances, glass fanlights, large four-sided rooms, sash windows, huge exterior symmetrical stairways, internal hall stairway, pediment door and geometric decorations. (DesignIntuit, 2001) Shape is a main significant feature of this style. The square is â€Å"prominent† (DesignIntuit, 2001), and shapes are classical. The foundation of Georgian proportion was usually geometrical, with the central block of the building â€Å"often augmented by hyphens and wings† (Wentworthstudio, 2015) Homes were only symmetrical. There was not usually an even number of windows (five across for house). This did not allow asymmetry around the middle window of the building. Sash windows –â€Å"panes divided by wooden bars† (Worldguide, 2015) – were common. In addition, windows were quadrilateral (DesignIntuit, 2001) and had the same width (Worldguide, 2015). However, their height was various from the first floor to the last one. Second floor windows were the tallest ones, while ground floor and third floor windows were shorter, and the windows on the top were almost four-sided. Every Georgian house door is groundwork and supported by monuments. (DesignIntuit, 2001) There was a window on the top of the door, and it was separated by a structure called a transom. (Worldguide, 2015) There was typically a hip roof, sometimes with dormers. It was very popular with Christopher Wren. Moreover, a more asymmetrical gable roof would be inappropriate at all. (Wentworthstudio, 2015) Interior design and decorative arts In the Georgian period, there was a significant rise in popularity with regards to interior decoration. (Britannica,2015) When you look at Georgian interiors, think about those architectural elements that are inside – large furnace and doorways, and well-balanced proportioned rooms. In addition to architecture and interior design, there were great achievements in the decorative arts. For instance, furniture design met many styles and approaches, ranging from the classical influence, to the straight and simple lines etc. Conclusion Sadly, that period could not last. Victorian morality transformed architecture and other designs because their idea was about adopting gothic style as a national one due to the fact that it was a native design for the Great Christian Empire of Britain. (Dan Cruickshank, 2011) To sum up, the Georgian period, especially architecture left many masterpieces and a variation of styles and ideas. Moreover, the cities and urban quarters created that time (Bath and Bloomsbury in London) are still models of comfortable urban living. Bibliography â€Å"Georgian Style†, David Ross, 2015 (http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/georgian.htm) â€Å"The Georgian Style of British Colonial Annapolis†, DesignIntuit, 2001 (http://www.designintuit.com/issue0002/focus/ghistory.html) â€Å"The Georgian Era of Great Britain†, Worldguide, 2015 (http://www.worldguide.eu/wg/index.php?StoryID=148ArticleID=21368) â€Å"Georgian architecture: a classical re-education†, Dan Cruickshank, 2011 (http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/11/georgian-architecture-british) â€Å"Historic styles: Georgian style†, Wentworthstudio, 2015 (http://www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/georgian/) â€Å"Georgian architecture†, Britannica, 2015 (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230322/Georgian-style) 1 Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems: A Brief Overview Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems: A Brief Overview 1.1 Introduction to fast dissolving drug delivery system Fast dissolving drug delivery systems have rapidly gained acceptance as an important new way of administering drugs. There are multiple fast-dissolving OTC and Rx products on the market worldwide, most of which have been launched in the past 3 to 4 years. There have also been significant increases in the number of new chemical entities under development using a fast-dissolving drug delivery technology. Rapidly dissolving dosage forms have acquired great importance in the pharmaceutical industry because of their unique properties. Rapidly dissolving dosage forms are also called quick-dissolving delivery systems; quick-disintegrating, orally disintegrating, mouth dissolve dosage forms; or melt-in-mouth dosage forms. However, the function and concept of all these dosage forms are similar. In less than one minute, these dosage forms disintegrate or dissolve in the salivary fluids of the oral cavity, releasing the drug and inactive ingredients. Most of the drug is swallowed with the saliva where subsequent absorption takes place in the gastrointestinal tract. By definition, a solid dosage form that dissolves or disintegrates quickly in the oral cavity, without the need for the administration of water, is known as an oral fast-dissolving dosage form. Salient Features of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System Ease of administration for patients who are mentally ill, disabled and uncooperative. Requires no water Quick disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form. Overcomes unacceptable taste of the drugs. Can be designed to leave minimal or no residue in the mouth after administration and also to provide a pleasant mouth feel. Allows high drug loading. Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation. Adaptable and amenable to existing processing and packaging machinery Cost- effective [5-9]. 1.2 Characteristics of Fast Dissolving Delivery System [5] 1.2.1 Ease of administration Fast Dissolving Delivery Systems are easy to administer and handle hence, leads to better patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms (tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions) because of tremors of extremities and dysphasia. Fast Dissolving Delivery Systems may offer a solution for these problems. 1.2.2 Taste of the medicament As most drugs are unpalatable, mouth dissolving delivery systems usually contain the medicament in taste masked form. Delivery systems dissolve or disintegrate in patients mouth, thus releasing the active ingredients which come in contact with the taste buds and hence, taste masking of the drugs becomes critical to patient compliance. 1.2.3 Hygroscopicity Several fast dissolving dosage forms are hygroscopic and cannot maintain physical integrity under normal condition from humidity which calls for specialized product packaging [10].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.2.4 Mouth feel Mouth feel is critical, and patients should receive a product that feels pleasant. Any large particles from the disintegrating tablet that are insoluble or slowly soluble in saliva would lead to an unpleasant gritty feeling. This can be overcome by keeping the majority of the particles below the detectable size limit. In some cases, certain flavors can imbibe an improved mouth feel perception, resulting in a product that is perceived as being less gritty, even if the only change is the flavor. Effervescence can be added to aid disintegration and improve mouth feel by reducing the dryness of a product [11, 12]. 2. Introduction to fast dissolving oral thin film. 2.1 Definition Thin film drug delivery is a process of delivering drugs to the systemic circulation via a thin film that dissolves when in contact with liquid, often referred to as a dissolving film or strip. Thin film drug delivery has emerged as an advanced alternative to the traditional tablets, capsules and liquids often associated with prescription and OTC medications. Similar in size, shape and thickness to a postage stamp, thin film strips are typically designed for oral administration, with the user placing the strip on or under the tongue or along the inside of the cheek. As the strip dissolves, the drug can enter the blood stream enterically, ducally or sublingually. The first commercial non-drug product to use thin films was the Listerine PocketPaks breath freshening strips. Since then, thin film products for other breath fresheners, as well as a number of cold, cough, flu and anti-snoring medications, have entered the marketplace. There are currently several projects in development that will deliver prescription drugs utilizing the thin film dosage form [13]. 2.2 Advantages of fast dissolving oral thin film The design of thin film, often referred to as Pharm Film, as an oral drug delivery technology offers several advantages over other modes of drug delivery, such as ingestible tablets, chewable tablets, orally dissolving tablets, softgels, liquids or inhalants[14]. The sublingual and buccal delivery of a drug via thin film has the potential to improve the onset of action, lower the dosing, and enhance the efficacy and safety profile of the medicament. All tablet dosage forms, softgels and liquid formulations primarily enter the blood stream via the gastrointestinal tract, which subjects the drug to degradation from stomach acid, bile, digestive enzymes and other first pass effects. As a result, such formulations often require higher doses and generally have a delayed onset of action. Conversely, buccal and sublingual thin film drug delivery can avoid these issues and yield quicker onsets of action at lower doses. Thin film is more stable, durable and quicker dissolving than other conventional dosage forms. Thin film enables improved dosing accuracy relative to liquid formulations since every strip is manufactured to contain a precise amount of the drug. Thin film not only ensures more accurate administration of drugs but also can improve compliance due to the intuitive nature of the dosage form and its inherent ease of administration. These properties are especially beneficial for pediatric, geriatric and neurodegenerative disease patients where proper and complete dosing can be difficult. Thin films ability to dissolve rapidly without the need for water provides an alternative to patients with swallowing disorders and to patients suffering from nausea, such as those patients receiving chemotherapy. Thin film drug delivery has the potential to allow the development of sensitive drug targets that may otherwise not be possible in tablet or liquid formulations. From a commercial perspective thin film drug delivery technology offers an opportunity to extend revenue lifecycles for pharmaceutical companies whose drug patent is expiring and will soon be vulnerable to generic competition. Advantages of Oral Thin Film Thin elegant film Convenient dosing Fast disintegration Enhance stability Quick dissolving Improve patient compliance Rapid release Life cycle management mucoadhesion Taste masking unobstructive No risk of choking Various sizes and shapes No water needed 2.3 Need for fast dissolving thin film drug development 2.3.1 Taste masking An important aspect of thin film drug delivery technology is the masking of the often bitter and poor taste of drug formulations[14].One method of taste-masking is encapsulation, the coating of drug particles with a polymeric covering sufficient to mask the taste of the drug particle while maintaining the ability to release the drug for absorption. Encapsulation is an efficient method for combining a high ratio of drug-to-non-drug elements in the taste-masked particle. Another method is the use of an ion exchange resin to bind the drug, forming a resinate that is less bitter than the drug alone. Shivang Chaudhary,final year M.S.Pharm student of Indian NAtional Institute of Pharmaceutical Education Research (NIPER) has formulated Taste masked Quick melting oral strip(QMOS) for quick onset of erection, in which they got success in bitter taste masking of sildenfil citrate via its inclusion complexation within B-Cyclodextrin by simple kneading method. 2.3.2 Drug content uniformity Drug content uniformity is a requirement for all dosage forms, particularly those containing low dose highly potent drugs. To uniquely meet this requirement, thin film formulations contain uniform dispersions of drug throughout the whole manufacturing process[15].Since this criteria is essential for the quality of the thin film and final pharmaceutical dosage form, the use of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) was recommended to follow the manufacturing process[16]. 2.3.3 Avoiding drug degradation Sensitive drugs may degrade over time in an aqueous environment. Thin film formulations must ensure that the integrity of the drug remains constant over time [17]. To overcome these challenges, developers of thin film have created highly specialized unique and often proprietary processes to deliver drugs on thin film [18]. 2.4 Functionality of oral thin film Pharmaceutical companies and consumers alike have embraced OTFs as a practical and accepted alternative to traditional OTC medicine forms such as liquids, tablets, and capsules. OTFs offer fast, accurate dosing in a safe, efficacious format that is convenient and portable, without the need for water or measuring devices [19]. OTFs are typically the size of a postage stamp and disintegrate on a patients tongue in a matter of seconds for the rapid release of one or more APIs. The formulation of dissolvable films is customarily facilitated through aqueous polymer matrices that span a wide molecular weight (MW) range, thereby providing flexibility to achieve certain physical properties. With the selection of appropriate polymer excipients, these properties can be tailored to meet specific API-loading needs and dissolution rates. To date, the commercial launch of OTFs is primarily in OTC products addressing therapeutic categories such as cough/cold, sore throat, and antacid/gas relief as well as a number of nutritional supplement applications [19]. In compliance with the appropriate monographs, current products deliver a specified API dose that is immediately released and ingested. Some drug forms are more easily used in OTFs than others (soluble versus non soluble), but we can expect API concentrations to increase as new OTF formulations are developed. The capabilities of the base technology to create dissolvable films continue to evolve. For example, a common misconception of the OTF format is that it is limited with regard to the loading capacity of APIs. Some researchers reference a limit of 30 mg of API content as the maximum concentration. A more accurate statement would be that OTFs have the capability to load APIs up to 50% of the unit dose mass, as demonstrated by Novartis Consumer Healths Gas-X thin film, which contains 62.5 mg of simethicone per dose [20]. Some drug substances may be absorbed more rapidly through the oral mucosal and esophageal tissues via OTF formats during ingestion. Because the drug enters directly into the bloodstream and avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism, bioavailability may be improved, and the drug can be administered in smaller doses. Smaller doses translate to fewer side effects and potentially improved patient compliance. Oral mucosal delivery via OTFs could become a preferential delivery method for therapies in which rapid absorption is desired, including those used to manage pain, allergies, sleep difficulties, and central nervous system disorders. Functional film properties controlled during manufacturing Thickness Width Drug concentration residual volatiles tensile strnth disintegration rates dissolution rates 2.5 oral thin film as Strategic therapeutic categories OTF formats can be considered for any therapeutic category in which an oral solid, liquid, or ODT format is currently offered. Ideal applications are those that use drug compounds that are potent and possess a narrow therapeutic range [21]. In addition, OTFs are proven to be a more beneficial platform for compromised populations such as children or the elderly where a quick, well-tolerated platform aids administration [22]. From a strategic standpoint, a group of therapeutic categories stand out as leading applications for the OTF format to expand beyond commercial OTC products on the market today (see sidebar, Strategic therapeutic categories for oral thin films). Development of a branded prescription OTF product for smoking cessation would set a precedent for the format, much like the launch of transdermal drug delivery patches for smoking cessation did in the 1990s. Strategic therapeutic categories for oral thin films Contraception Hormone replacement Pain management Allergy and asthama Nausea Central nervous system disorders Anti-inflammatory Gastro-intestinal Sleep aids Veterinary medicines and vitamins 3. Drugs availability in market as a film/strip The use of thin-film strips is of growing interest in the pharmaceutical sector following the success of Listerine PocketPaks ® in the United States. Thin-film strip technology uses a range of water-soluble polymers and is reported to be able to incorporate watersoluble, insoluble, or taste-masked ingredients. The film is manufactured as a continuous sheet and then cut into individual doses prior to packing. The major limitations to this technology are the relatively low doses that can be accommodated (approximately 30 mg) and its moisture sensitivity thus requiring specific unit-dose packaging to protect the product and ensure shelf life. Thin-film technology has primarily been used in over the- counter (OTC) products. 4. Market trends TCIs report also details the technology programs of 25 companies active in the development of Orally-Disintegrating Tablet technologies and 17 active in the development of Oral Film technologies. Technology Catalysts forecasts the market for drug products in oral thin film formulations to be valued at $500 million in 2007 and could reach $2 billion by 2010. The first oral strip was developed by Pfizer (New York) as a mouth freshening product (Listerine pocket packs). Chloraseptic Relief Strips (distributed by Prestige Brands, Irvington, NY), Theraflu Thin Strips treat the most common symptoms of a cold in adults and children 12 and older and will be available in two cherry-flavoured treatment options: Long Acting Cough that quiets coughs for up to eight hours, and Multi-Symptom that, as well as tackling coughs, is said to provide temporary relief from a runny nose and sneezing, and soothes itchy, watery eyes and throat. Both will cost approximately $5.49 for a 12-strip pack. Meanwhile, Triaminic Thin Strips, for children ages 6-12, will also be available in two treatment options: Long Acting Cough that quiets coughs for up to eight hours, in cherry flavor, and Cough Runny Nose, in grape flavour. They will cost approximately $5.99 for a 16-strip pack, according to Novartis. 5. Formulation consideration 5.1. film forming polymer A variety of polymers are available for preparation of OS. The polymers can be used alone or in combination to obtain the desired strip properties. The film obtained should be tough enough so that there wont be any damage while handling or during transportation. The robustness of the strip depends on the type of polymer and the amount in the formulation [23]. On the other hand, fast dissolving strip dosage formshould have the property to disintegrate in seconds when placed in mouth and deliver the drug to the oral cavity instantaneously. A list of polymers and their properties are given in Table 5 [24-30]. As the strip forming polymer (which forms the platform for the OS) is the most essential and major component of the OS, at least 45%w/w of polymer should generally be present based on the total weight of dry OS [31]. Of the various polymers available, pullulan, gelatin and hypromellose are most commonly used for preparation of OS. Pullulan is a natural polymer obtained from non-animal origin and does not require chemical modification. This polymer provides highly clear and homogenous films. It has low oxygen permeability and low water content which makes it most suitable for production of OS [32]. Many times, mixtures of polymers are used to improve hydrophilicity, flexibility, mouth-feel and solubility characteristics of OS. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone films are brittle in nature and therefore copovidone is mixed with poly vinyl pyrrolidone for preparation of flexible fast disintegrating strips [33]. Combination of microcrystalline cellulose and maltodextrin has been used to formulate OS of piroxicam made by hot melt extrusion technique. In this case, microcrystalline cellulose is used to render the film non-sticky and smooth [34]. Microcrystalline cellulose was also used to decrease the disintegration time and improve the dissolution of drug from the OS [35]. Property of polymer non-toxic non-irritant devoid of leachable impurities good wetting property spreadability property readily available Should not be very expensive Should exhibit sufficient peel, shear and tensile strengths. Various polymers can be employed to modulate the disintegration property of the oral strip. This is especially used in case of slowly disintegrable oral bioadhesive strips or patches that need to be retained in intact form for longer duration in the oral cavity. The bioadhesive polymer used in such formulations imparts the adhesive property to the strip such that it adheres to buccalmucosa to deliver the drug for prolonged period. Bioadhesive polymer should ideally adhere quickly to the buccal mucosa and should have sufficient mechanical strength. Polymers used for OS should have good shelf life and they should not aid in causing secondary infections in the oral mucosa or dental regions. It would be ideal to have a polymer that would have local enzyme inhibition action along with penetration enhancing property. The details of properties of bioadhesive or mucoadhesive polymers and their applications are discussed elsewhere [36-43]. Mucoadhesive polymers include polycarbophil, cellulos e derivatives like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poly(acrylic acid) derivatives, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxylethyl cellulose, hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum, carrageenan, sodiumalginate, chitosan, poly(ethylene oxide), poly (ortho esters), poly (hydroxyl butyrate), poly(cyano acrylates), polyphosphazenes, poly (vinyl alcohol) etc. Second generation mucoadhesive polymers include thiolated polymers. They are multifunctional polymers consisting of hydrophilic macromolecules having free thiol groups on the polymer backbone. The polymer forms disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains of mucus glycoproteins. Corium International has developed a new class of adhesive hydrogels (Corplex„ ¢) [44]. There are a number of marketed products available that are based on mucoadhesion phenomena. Oramoist ® is a Timed Release oral disk that adheres to the roof of the mouth and has a moisturizing effect for about 4 h [44]. It is recommended for dry mouth syndrome (xerostomia). Compeed ® is another formulation that is intended to treat cold sore [46]. Table Polymer: Hydoxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) Synonym:  Methocel, Metolose,  Benecel  (Hypromellose) Description: It is a odorless, tasteless and white or creamy white fibrous or granular powder Molecular weight: 10,000-1,500,000 Solubility:  Soluble in cold water,forming a viscous colloidal  solution, insoluble in  chloroform, ethanol Polymer:  Hydroxy propyl cellulose Synonym:  Hydroxyl propyl ether,  hyprolose, Klucel, Nisso HPC. Description:  It is a white to slightly yellow  colored, odorless and  tasteless powder. It is stable  material Molecular weight:  50,000-1,250,000 Solubility:  It is freely soluble in water  below 38  °C forming a  smooth, clear, colloidal  solution. Hydroxypropyl  cellulose is soluble in many  cold and hot polar organic  solvents such as absolute  ethanol, methanol, isopropyl  alcohol and propylene glycol Polymer:  Starch and modified starch Synonym:  Amido, amylum, PharmGel,  Fluftex W, Instant pure-Cote,  Melogel etc. Description:  It is an odorless, tasteless,  fine, white powder. Molecular weight:  50,000-160,000 Solubility:  It is insoluble in cold  water and ethanol. It swells in  water by about 5 to 10% at  37  °C Polymer:  Pullulan Synonym:  Pullulane, 1, 6 ÃŽÂ ± linked  maltotriose Description:  It is available as white,  odorless tasteless, stable  powder Molecular weight:  8000-2,000,000 Solubility:  It is soluble in hot as well as  cold water Polymer:  Pectin Synonym:  Citrus pectin, Methopectin,  pectin, pectinic acid   Description:  It occurs as a yellowishwhite,  odorless powder with  mucilaginous taste. Molecular weight:  30,000-100,000 Solubility:  It is soluble in water but  insoluble in most of the  organic solvents. Polymer:  Gelatin Synonym:   Byco, cryogel, Instagel,  Solugel Description:  It occurs as light amber to  faintly yellow colored,  vitreous, brittle solid. It is  ordorless, tasteless. Molecular weight:  15,000-250,000 Solubility:  Soluble in glycerin, acid and  alkali. Swells in water and  softens. It is soluble in hot  water Polymer:  Carboxy methyl cellulose Synonym: Akulell, Blanose, Aquasorh Description:  It is white, odorless powder Molecular weight:  90,000-700,000 Solubility: It is easily dispersed in water  to form a clear or colloidal  solution 5.2 Plasticizer Plasticizer is a vital ingredient of the OS formulation. It helps to improve the flexibility of the strip and reduces the brittleness of the strip. Plasticizer significantly improves the strip properties by reducing the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The selection of plasticizer will depend upon its compatibility with the polymer and also the type of solvent employed in the casting of strip. The flow of polymer will get better with the use of plasticizer and enhances the strength of the polymer [47, 48]. Glycerol, Propylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycols, phthalate derivatives like dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl phthalate, Citrate derivatives such as tributyl, triethyl, acetyl citrate, triacetin and castor oil are some of the commonly used plasticizer excipients. Typically the plasticizers are used in the concentration of 0-20%w/w of dry polymer weight [49-57]. However inappropriate use of plasticizer may lead to film cracking, splitting and peeling of the strip [58-60]. It is also reported that the use of certain plasticizers may also affect the absorption rate of the drug [61]. 5.3 Active pharmaceutical ingredient The active substance is may be from any class of pharmaceutically active substances that can be administered orally or through the buccal mucosa, respectively. The OS technology has the potential for delivery of variety of APIs. However since the size of the dosage form has limitation, high dose molecules are difficult to be incorporated in OS. Generally 5%w/w to 30%w/w of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be incorporated in the OS [62]. Multivitamins up to 10%w/w of dry film weight was incorporated in the OS with dissolution time of less than 60 s [32]. APIs can also be added as milled, micronized or in the form of nanocrystals or particles depending upon the ultimate release profile desired. It is always useful to have micronized API which will improve the texture of the film and also for better dissolution anduniformity in the OS [63]. Some of the examples of suitable drug molecule that can be incorporated in the OS are listed in table-6. 5.4 sweetening agent Sweeteners have become the important part of the food products as well as pharmaceutical products intended to be disintegrated or dissolved in the oral cavity. Natural sweeteners as well as artificial sweeteners are used to improve the palatability of the mouth dissolving formulations. Sweetening agent such as Sugar, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, xylitol, malitol, acesulfame potassium, talin, glycyrrhizin, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin etc. The classical source of sweetener is sucrose (derived from cane or beet in the form of liquid or dry state), dextrose, fructose, glucose, liquid glucose and maltose. The sweetness of fructose is perceived rapidly in the mouth as compared to sucrose and dextrose. Fructose is sweeter than sorbitol and mannitol and thus used widely as a sweetener. The artificial sweeteners have gained more popularity in food and pharmaceutical preparations. Saccharin,cyclamate and aspartame are the first generation of the artificial sweeteners followed by acesulfame-K, sucralose, alitame and neotame which fall under the second generation artificial sweeteners. Acesulfame-K and sucralose have more than 200 and 600 time sweetness. Neotame and alitame have more than 2000 and 8000 time sweetening power as compared to sucrose. Rebiana which is a herbal sweetener, derived from plant Stevia rebaudiana (South American plant) has more than 200-300 time sweetness [64].The flavor quality of these artificial sweeteners is different than the natural sweeteners and may not be acceptable to the patients who are accustomed to the natural sugars. The amalgamation of sweeteners may lead to synergismand improvement in the taste of the formulations [65]. Aspartame was used for the preparation of oral strips of valdecoxib [66]. For the oral strip of piroxicam, mal todextrin was employed as  sweetening agent [67]. Generally sweeteners are used in the concentration of 3 to 6 %w/w either alone or in combination [68]. 5.5 flavoring agent Perception for the flavors changes from individual to individual depending upon the ethnicity and liking. The selection of flavor is also dependant on the type of drug to be incorporated in the formulation. For example, mint flavor is generally added in products used for gastric related ailments like indigestion. The acceptance of the oral disintegrating or dissolving formulation by an individual by and large depends on the initial flavor quality which is observed in first few seconds after the product has been consumed and the after taste of the formulation which lasts for at least about 10 min [69]. Flavoring agents can be selected from synthetic flavor oils, oleo resins, extract derived from various parts of the plants like leaves, fruits and flowers. Flavors can be used alone or in the combination. Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, spearmint oil, oil of nutmeg are examples of flavor oils while vanilla, cocoa, coffee, chocolate and citrus are fruity flavors. Apple, raspberry, cherry, pineapple are few examples of fruit essence type. The amount of flavor needed to mask the taste depends on the flavor type and its strength. Preferably up to 10%w/w flavors are added in the OS formulations. Cooling agents like monomethyl succinate can be added to improve the flavor strength and to enhance the mouth-feel effect of the product. Other cooling agents likeWS3, WS23 and Utracoll II can also be used in conjunction with flavors [68, 70]. 5.6 coloring agent Coloring agents may include FD C coloring agents, natural coloring agents, and natural juice concentrates, pigments such as titanium oxide, silicon dioxide and zinc oxide. (not exceeding concentration levels of 1%w/w) in OS .when some of the formulation ingredients or drugs are present in insoluble or suspension form [71,72]. 5.7 stabilizing and thickening agent The stabilizing and thickening agents are employed to improve the viscosity and consistency of dispersion or solution of the strip preparation solution or suspension before casting. Natural gums like xanthan gum, locust bean gum, carragenan and cellulosic derivatives can be used in the concentration up to 5%w/w as thickening agents and stabilizing agents [68]. Other ingredients such as surfactants and emulsifying agents are also added in small amount to improve the strip properties. 5.8 saliva stimulating agent The purpose of using saliva stimulating agents is to increase the rate of production of saliva that would aid in the faster disintegration of the rapid dissolving strip formulations. Generally acids which are used in the preparation of food can be utilized as salivary stimulants. Citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid and tartaric acid are the few examples of salivary stimulants, citric acid being the most preferred amongst them. These agents are used alone or in combination between 2 to 6%w/w of weight of the strip. Other OS ingredients such as sweeteners also act as salivary stimulants. Food grade sugars as well as synthetic sugars are useful salivary stimulants along with acidulents. Glucose, fructose, xylose, maltose, lactose are few examples of such sweeteners [73]. The resting salivary flow rate was 0.34 ml/min .but citric acid is capable to increase the salivary flow rate up to 1.68ml/min [73]. 6. Method of manufacturing of oral thin film One (or a combination) of the following processes may be used to manufacture the oral films [74]. Solvent casting Hot-melt extrusion Solid dispersion extrusion Rolling 6.1 Solvent Casting The oral film is preferably formulated using the solvent-casting method, whereby the water-soluble ingredients are dissolved to form a clear viscous solution. The API and other agents are dissolved in smaller amounts of the solution, and combined with the bulk. This mixture is then added to the aqueous viscous solution. The entrapped air is removed by vacuum. The resulting solution is cast as a film and allowed to dry, which is then cut into pieces of the desired size. Water-soluble hydrocolloids used to prepare films are: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), pullulan, sodium alginate, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [75]. 6.2 Hot melt extrusion Hot melt extrusion (HME) is commonly used to prepare granules, sustained-release tablets, transderm

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Reasons to Ban Cloning :: essays research papers

Cloning is defined as the process of asexually producing a group of cells, all genetically identical, from a single ancestor (College Library, 2006).† Cloning should be banned all around the world for many reasons, including the risks to the thing that is being cloned, cloning reduces genetic differences and finally it is not ethical. Almost every clone has mysteriously died even before they are born. First of all, â€Å"Australia’s first cloned sheep appeared to be healthy and energetic the day she died, during the autopsy they could not find the cause (Castro, 2005).† There are many risks to cloning and you are seldom able to identify the cause of their death. â€Å"More than 90% of cloning attempts fail (Human Genome Program, 2006).† Most cloned animals died mysteriously even before they were born or when they were very young, so there is hardly any information on how clones age. Clones may be born with a normal looking body but may have internal functioning problems. â€Å"Cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders (Human Genome Program, 2006).† There are many risks of cloning and a major factor is genetic differences. Secondly, â€Å"the most the human race has to loose by playing around with cloning is that the genetic diversity would be lost (Andrea Castro, 2005).† Reducing the genetic differences will produce clones that are grossly overlarge, many animals will be born with genetic mutations, and there will be a higher â€Å"risk of disease transfer (Saskaschools, 2003). â€Å"A review of all the world's cloned animals suggests that every one of them is genetically and physically defective (Leake, 2002).† Mutations will be passed on to the younger generation because if a cloned species has a mutation in their DNA this mutation will be passed on. Cloning has been linked with diseases of ageing, arthritis and, cancer. Last of all, Cloning is not ethical, many religious groups look down upon cloning and think it’s not proper because they think it’s like playing God. Many scientists were mainly thinking about cloning animals and, most likely, humans in the future to harvest their organs and then kill them. â€Å"Who would actually like to be harvested and killed for their organs?† â€Å"Human cloning exploits human beings for our own self-gratification (Dodson, 2003).† A person paying enough money could get a corrupt scientist to clone anybody they wanted, like movie stars, music stars, athletes, etc (Andrea Castro 2005),† whether it be our desire for new medical treatments or our desire to have children on our own genetic terms (Dodson, 2003).

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Johan Sebastian Bach Essay -- Biography Biographies essays research pa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On March 21, 1685, Johan Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany. His parents’ names were Johan Ambrosias Bach and Elizabeth Lammerhirt Bach. His Family earned its living as musicians. His mom died when Bach was 9 then his dad died the next year so he moved to live with his oldest brother in Ohrdruf. In Ohrdruf Bach Learned Latin and sung as a soprano in the school choir. His brother didn’t have enough money so Bach moved to Luneburg in March of 1700. Bach could go to school for free because he sang in the choir. (Geringer 433, www.let.rug.nl ) Bach left Luneburg in March of 1702 when he was 18, to go to Arnstadt to get his first real job. His job was to be the organist of the Neue Kirche Church. Bach got a four-week vacation from playing at the church to go to Lubeck and listen to the music of Dietrich Buxtehude. He walked 200 miles to get there, and then instead of staying for the four weeks the church had planed, he stayed for four months. (www.let.rug.nl) Bach got a different job as an organist in Muhlhausen at St. Blasius Church in 1707. That year his uncle died and Bach inherited some money. That gave Bach enough money to marry Maria Barbara, his second cousin. They got married in April of 1707. One year later in 1708 Wilhelm Ernst hired Bach as an organist and as a member of the orchestra so Bach and Maria moved to Weimar. Bach’s salary was double what he got paid at his last job. (Geringer 433, Lloyd 30 www.let.rug.nl) Bach and Maria were financially st...

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

The Key To Master Writing is to Write a Lot :: English Writing Teacher Student

â€Å"Write a lot.† Could this idea be the foundation of a sound writing pedagogy? It seems almost too simple. It also seems solidly in line with Peter Elbow’s ideas for the â€Å"teacherless class†and therefore, if we believe Berlin’s formulation from â€Å"Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class†, perhaps part of a pedagogic philosophy that can easily marginalize certain students or be â€Å"co-opted by the agencies of corporate capitalism† (697; in Cross-Talk). But I’m thinking more in terms of establishing writing for students as something that ought to be done in volume in order to build it as a habit. In my own experience as a student, this never happened. Nor did I hear about the social implications of writing or the power structures inherent in the classroom, ideas that might pique student interest in writing’s possibilities and demystify the classroom enough to make students want to write more. Now I think these elem ents could be the keys to better writing. Elbow opines, â€Å"If you are serious about wanting to improve your writing, the most useful thing you can do is keep a freewriting diary† (9). When I recently read Writing Without Teachers for the first time, the assertion that writing a lot is a good thing hit me as if it was completely new. And I think of myself as a writer! But some reflection showed me that my education, from grade school through college, had done very little to actually encourage me to write with any sort of regularity, or to revise what I did write. And so I produced little actual writing - just enough to get by. If this was the case for me, it may well have been the case for others. And if, regardless of our particular philosophical approach to instruction, we are in agreement as teachers of writing that we are trying to get students to write †better† (however we understand that), then shouldn’t establishing writing as a habit be a priority? It is unlikely that any teacher of writin g thinks that less, and not more, practice makes a better writer. How might we encourage regular writing for students? Are daily journal entries a good idea, as Elbow suggests? Anecdotal evidence from our class suggests that some teachers find journal writing effective, while others are convinced that assigning a ten-minute freewriting exercise really would tend to produce pages full of the sentence â€Å"I hate this assignment† repeated over and over. The Key To Master Writing is to Write a Lot :: English Writing Teacher Student â€Å"Write a lot.† Could this idea be the foundation of a sound writing pedagogy? It seems almost too simple. It also seems solidly in line with Peter Elbow’s ideas for the â€Å"teacherless class†and therefore, if we believe Berlin’s formulation from â€Å"Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class†, perhaps part of a pedagogic philosophy that can easily marginalize certain students or be â€Å"co-opted by the agencies of corporate capitalism† (697; in Cross-Talk). But I’m thinking more in terms of establishing writing for students as something that ought to be done in volume in order to build it as a habit. In my own experience as a student, this never happened. Nor did I hear about the social implications of writing or the power structures inherent in the classroom, ideas that might pique student interest in writing’s possibilities and demystify the classroom enough to make students want to write more. Now I think these elem ents could be the keys to better writing. Elbow opines, â€Å"If you are serious about wanting to improve your writing, the most useful thing you can do is keep a freewriting diary† (9). When I recently read Writing Without Teachers for the first time, the assertion that writing a lot is a good thing hit me as if it was completely new. And I think of myself as a writer! But some reflection showed me that my education, from grade school through college, had done very little to actually encourage me to write with any sort of regularity, or to revise what I did write. And so I produced little actual writing - just enough to get by. If this was the case for me, it may well have been the case for others. And if, regardless of our particular philosophical approach to instruction, we are in agreement as teachers of writing that we are trying to get students to write †better† (however we understand that), then shouldn’t establishing writing as a habit be a priority? It is unlikely that any teacher of writin g thinks that less, and not more, practice makes a better writer. How might we encourage regular writing for students? Are daily journal entries a good idea, as Elbow suggests? Anecdotal evidence from our class suggests that some teachers find journal writing effective, while others are convinced that assigning a ten-minute freewriting exercise really would tend to produce pages full of the sentence â€Å"I hate this assignment† repeated over and over.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Investment Portfolio Analysis

B6201 – Investments/portfolio theory| Investment Portfolio Analysis| Course Project Task 6| | Crystal Watkins| 10/17/2012| This paper will Identify and explain the major factors driving the market during this week. It will also identify and explain causes of changes in the market and the index. As well as developed investment objectives and defined risk tolerance levels. I will also include a snap shot of my investments and an explanation of why I choose those particular companies. |The trends that I noticed that were going on with my investments this week were: * Apple – Apple  has asked  Foxconn  to tighten quality control measures while manufacturing the iPhone 5 after complaints of scratches on the device’s body, and that has worsened  its supply shortfall. Stricter benchmarks are affecting production of the anodized aluminum housing used in the device, delaying orders for the  phone,  Bloomberg  said. Apple consumers started complaining of nick s and scrapes to the body of the new phone soon after its launch last month, with some saying there were scratches even before the device was unpacked.While the company said in response to the complaints that it was â€Å"normal† for an aluminum product to â€Å"scratch or chip with use, exposing its natural silver color,†Ã‚  internally, it expressed its displeasure to Foxconn. (Rathee, 2012) * Microsoft – Microsoft  is  reportedly  bringing its flagship product, Microsoft Office to both Apple and  Google's  Android-based devices. This comes from Microsoft's Czech Republic Team, and Petr Bobek, a Microsoft Office productivity manager.Microsoft has been hesitant in the past to bring its software outside of the Windows ecosystem, with the noted exception of haphazard versions of Microsoft Office being available for Mac. Bringing Office to iOS and Android, the two dominant mobile operating systems, would be a change in philosophy for Microsoft. (Ciaccia, 2012) * Johnson & Johnson – The delay for Eliquis is perhaps not unexpected given the size of the trial and the mass of data collected. No matter, it is widely believed to be more efficacious and safer than its  Johnson & Johnson’s  Xarelto and Boehringer Ingelheim’s Pradaxa.If approved, it will likely see strong sales growth. The delay will no doubt please JNJ shareholders whose rival drug Xarelto is only just establishing sales. Its partner Bayer has been forecasting peak sales of over Euro 2 billion for Xarelto even after the FDA refused to expand its indications. If these sorts of numbers are baked into JNJ’ forecasts and Eliquis (if approved) starts to grab market share then this will be a blow. (Samaha, 2012) * Pfizer – Pfizer had four major events expected. It had one success (Inlyta), one failure (bapineuzumab) and two delays.As ever with pharma the patience of a Saint is needed. The two biggest drugs (Eliquis and Tofacitinib) saw poten tial approvals delayed until November and March next year respectively. Both are expected to be blockbusters. (Samaha, 2012) * Nike – Corporate Responsibility Magazine has named Nike one of its top corporate citizens. The magazine ranked the Top 10 Best Corporate Citizens  in categories including consumer items, consumer stables, energy and health care. Nike topped the consumer items list, sharing the honor with Mattel and Gap.The rankings were determined using public data related to companies' responses to climate change, employee relations, environment, governance and human rights, among other variables. [ (Journal, 2012) ] * Sprint – Sprint Nextel Corp. ’s Chief Executive Officer Dan Hesse, who took over in December 2007, has worked to fix the mess he was handed after Sprint’s $36 billion acquisition of Nextel in 2005 failed, causing 3. 1 million subscribers to leave the carrier. Now he says that Sprint is on track to return to the black in 2014. Wal l Street has shown increasing faith.Sprint shares are up more than 122% this year, but Hesse is quick to qualify his optimism. I tell the team here, â€Å"You’re not going to see any mission  accomplished  signs anywhere on this campus. †? Bloomberg Business Week reported, that this is a long process. (Marin, 2012) * Verizon – Earlier in the year, wireless carrier  Verizon said  it was planning on expanding its 4G LTE coverage to span over 400 markets by year's end. That was an aggressive goal considering it started the year with only about 190, meaning it was looking to more than double that figure in just one year.Turns out that Big Red wasn't just being overly ambitious, and is actually reaching that goal ahead of time. Speaking at MobileCon, a conference all about mobile IT, Verizon CTO Nicola Palmer said  the carrier is launching LTE in a handful of markets on Oct. 18, bringing its total tally up to a whopping 417, further extending its LTE lead a gainst rivals  AT;T  and  Sprint Nextel. (Evan Niu, 2012) * Target – Radio Shack's partnership with  Target Corp. to place its employees in Target electronics departments is a money-losing deal that Radio Shack should consider ending.The deal, signed in 2009 and  expanded upon in 2011, hasn't replaced the revenue generated by an earlier agreement Radio Shack had to run kiosks in Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Radio Shack's Target business lost $17 million more than it did in 2010, Chai said. But the two companies are apparently working to improve things. Radio Shack's kiosks now get placement in Target circulars, and Radio Shack is boosting training of its staff. [ (Journal S. P. , 2012) ] * Wal-Mart – Wal-Mart Stores Inc. , the world’s largest retailer, rose to the highest ever after the company’s U.S. merchandising head said the back-to-school season was â€Å"very strong. † The shares climbed 3. 3 percent to $76. 59 at 12:46 p. m. in New York af ter earlier reaching $76. 73, the highest intraday price since its initial public offering in 1970. The stock also gained after  Costco Wholesale Corp. posted fiscal fourth-quarter profit that topped analysts’ estimates. Costco rose 3. 5 percent to $103. 08. (Townsend, 2012) * Toyota – Toyota  is issuing a safety recall for 7. 43 million vehicles across the globe. The Japanese car manufacturer said 2. million of the vehicles with potential window problems are in the U. S. The issue involves the power window master switches of some of the company's most well-known brands, including Camry and Corolla sedans and RAV4 sport utility vehicles, built between 2005 and 2010. Toyota  said in a press release that commercial lubricating agents applied to a â€Å"sticky† window switch could potentially melt the switch or even cause a fire. [ (Carroll, 2012) ] Dow  Ã‚  0. 95%  Nasdaq  Ã‚  1. 21% Your portfolios: WatkinsC Total Value $1,001,095. 54 Today's Change 7 ,944. 81  0. 80% SYMBOL| PRICE| CHG  ;  % CHG| 52-WK RANGE| SHARES| MKT VALUE| GAIN  ;  % GAIN| AAPL| 649. 7925| 15. 03| +2. 37%| 363. 32| 705. 07| 150| $97,468. 87|   $15,001,156. 13|   99. 35%| JNJ| ^69. 55| 0. 95| +1. 38%| 61. 05| 69. 80| 1,464| $101,821. 20|   $146,113,831. 92|   99. 93%| MSFT| 29. 49| -0. 02| -0. 07%| 24. 30| 32. 95| 3,247| $95,754. 03|   $324,418,062. 99|   99. 97%| NKE| 97. 24| 1. 63| +1. 70%| 85. 10| 114. 81| 990| $96,267. 60|   $98,795,822. 40|   99. 90%| PFE| ^25. 80| 0. 23| +0. 90%| 18. 15| 25. 92| 4,144| $106,915. 0|   $414,099,477. 12|   99. 97%| S| ^5. 69| 0. 00| +0. 00%| 2. 10| 6. 04| 19,493| $110,915. 17|   $1,949,171,346. 20|   99. 99%| TGT| 62. 90| 1. 09| +1. 76%| 47. 25| 65. 80| 1,549| $97,432. 10|   $154,687,926. 41|   99. 94%| TM| 77. 32| 1. 11| +1. 46%| 60. 37| 87. 15| 1,222| $94,485. 04|   $121,996,414. 80|   99. 92%| VZ| 44. 08| -0. 42| -0. 94%| 35. 32| 48. 77| 2,207| $97,284. 56|   $220,552,175. 14 |   99. 96%| WMT| ^76. 91| -0. 24| -0. 31%| 54. 81| 77. 60| 1,336| $102,751. 76|   $133,318,224. 24|   99. 92%| Total| | | | | | | $1,001,095. 4|   $3,578,154,437. 34|   99. 97%| The above chart is a snap-shot of my portfolio for the week of October 17th as you can see I made a 0. 80% increase or $7,944. 81  cash profit since my initial investment, which is a $ 7069. 02 positive difference and a huge increase from last week’s profits. Works Cited Carroll, D. (2012, October 10). Toyota Recalls 7. 43 Million Vehicles. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Mootley Fool: http://www. fool. com/investing/general/2012/10/10/toyota-recalls-743-million-vehicles-globally. spx Ciaccia, C. (2012, October 10). Here's Microsoft's Most Bullish Move in Years. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Street: http://www. thestreet. com/story/11733394/1/heres-microsofts-most-bullish-move-in-years. html? puc=yahoo;cm_ven=YAHOO Evan Niu, C. (2012, October 10). Verizon's Big Red Footprint G ets Bigger. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Mootley Fool: http://www. fool. com/investing/general/2012/10/10/verizons-big-red-footprint-gets-bigger. aspx Journal, P. B. (2012, October 9). Nike on ‘Best Corporate